APA: In-Text Citation
November 7, 2022 2023-05-15 9:16APA: In-Text Citation
When using APA citation style, you must utilize both in-text citations and references. This page provides an overview of how to formulate in-text citations and references for the most commonly used sources.
IN-TEXT CITATION EXAMPLES
This section provides examples of how to use in-text citations within the body of your essay. Some options for integrating In-Text Citations include:
|
CITATION TYPE |
SAMPLE CITATION |
|
In text, using a signal phrase |
According to Miller (2002), horror movies during the 1950s were preoccupied with the post-WWII world order and the increasingly threatening nature of technology. |
|
End of sentence, in a parenthetical |
Horror movies during the 1950s were preoccupied with the post-WWII world order and the increasingly threatening nature of technology (Miller, 2002). |
|
With a direct quotation |
Lanning (2007) argues that “our most pressing fears tend to inform the genre of horror movies” (p. 37). Or When reviewing the history of horror as a genre of film, it is worth noting that “our most pressing fears tend to inform the genre of horror movies” (Lanning, 2007, p. 37). |
|
With a direct quotation (no page number) |
Lanning (2007) argues that “our most pressing fears tend to inform the genre of horror movies” (para. 2).
|
|
Personal Communication |
Note: If information comes from an unpublished source, such as an interview or email communication, include the author’s first initial and last name as a part of the sentence. Address it as a personal communication and list the date in parenthesis after the idea. |
*Note: For sources with no page numbers, you can use other information from the source to indicate where the information is located. For example, you can use paragraph numbers, chapter/section numbers or names, slide numbers, etc. Use your best judgment to decide what additional information would be most helpful for the reader to locate the quoted material within the source.
NUMBER OF AUTHORS FOR IN-TEXT CITATIONS
|
Number of Authors |
In-Text Citation |
|
One Author |
(Zakaria, 2019) |
|
2 Authors |
Parenthetical: (Lunsford & Ede, 2015) Narrative: Lunsford and Ede (2015) |
|
3 or More Authors |
Parenthetical: (Stiglitz et al., 2016) Narrative: Stiglitz et al. (2016) |
|
Group Author with Abbreviation |
First Citation: (Colorado State University Global [CSUG], 2020) Subsequent Citations: (CSUG, 2020) |
|
Group Author without Abbreviation |
(Harvard University, 2020) |
Even if the month and day is included in the date element for your reference, you only need to include the year in the in-text citation.
